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Background: Although less painful injection techniques have been developed, most individuals still find palatal injection to be unpleasant. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of single buccal infiltration versus conventional buccal and palatal infiltration for the removal of maxillary molar teeth. Fifty patie Materials and Methods: nts participated in a prospective randomized, split-mouth study, Group 1: 4% Articaine HCL infiltration – Only buccal, Group 2: 2% Lignocaine HCL – Buccal and palatal infiltration. Checking VAS score and Facial pain scale during Infiltration and during extraction. Factor analysis was used to determine the significance of the difference in mean scores between the two groups using both the independent sample t-test. Even though the Results: difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), patients in the articaine group reported much less discomfort during having their vital maxillary molars extracted compared to the lignocaine group. As was previously m Conclusion: entioned, it is feasible to avoid the palatal injection while removing molars from the maxilla. Specifically, the extraction of the upper molars, and buccal infiltration with articaine is a viable alternative to the use of traditional local anaesthetic.
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Introduction: Needle prick pain is a distressing event for a pa?ent receiving spinal anaesthesia. A ‘Needle piercing the spine’ might be physically and mentally trauma?zing for many pa?ents. This may lead to unwanted panic and anxiety during the procedure of spinal anaesthesia. To avoid this distressing needle prick pain, many clinicians have resorted to the prac?ce of giving injec?ons of local anaesthe?c or local applica?on of EMLA cream or patch at the site of spinal puncture beforehand for anaesthe?zing the skin and subcutaneous ?ssues. Methods: A prospec?ve cohort study was done. Those enrolled pa?ents were assessed by an expert anesthesiologist, who was not part of the research team, and he prescribed pa?ents either EMLA cream or regular standard lignocaine infiltra?on anaesthesia and labelled them as Group E and Group L respec?vely. The pain score was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale. Result: A total of 64 pa?ents were enrolled in the study33 in Group E and 31 in Group L. Both groups had an almost similar number of pa?ents who had a similar extent of surgery. Univariate analysis showed that the mean pain score (VAS) was significantly higher in Group E pa?ents compared to that in Group L, p<0.001. The mul?variate analysis had similar findings a?er controlling confounding factors in mul?ple regression analysis. Conclusion: Local 2% lignocaine injec?on achieved significantly more pain reduc?on during spinal needle inser?on compared to the applica?on of an EMLA patch before spinal anaesthesia.
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Introduction: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation lead to a strong sympathetic response, this study was done to compare clonidine, esmolol, and lignocaine as an adjuvant to fentanyl to attenuate the pressor response to laryngoscopy during endotracheal intubation. To compare clonidine, esmolol, and lignocaine as an a Objectives: djuvant to fentanyl to attenuate the pressor response to laryngoscopy during endotracheal intubation. A Randomized prospective study includi Material and Methods: ng 150 normotensive patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were included. Three groups were divided according to drug they received. After 3 minutes of drug , laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation were done. Vitals (HR,SBP,DBP and MAP) were noted before laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation and 1,2,4,6 and 8 minute after Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation and anaesthesia was continued with O2+N2O+Sevoflurane. Results: Rise in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at one minute following intubation in all three groups of drugs (p<0.001). SBP both esmolol and clonidine reached equal to baseline in 4 mins with their respective p-value as 0.293 and 0.097 and group lignocaine reached equal to baseline in 6 mins. DBP of group esmolol reached baseline at 4 mins (p-value- 0.090), group clonidine reached baseline in 6 mins. And group lignocaine does not reach baseline even after 8 mins. MAP in esmolol group reached to baseline in 4 mins, group clonidine reached to baseline in 6 mins and group lignocaine does not reach to baseline even after 8 mins. Conclusion: Considering all parameters, it was concluded that esmolol with fentanyl showed better response on all parameters.
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Objectives To compare the attenuation of pressor responses by intravenous clonidine and preservative-free lignocaine to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Materials and Methods A randomized, prospective, comparative, double-blinded study was conducted in 80 adult patients who were randomized into two groups of 40 each, group clonidine (Group C) and group lignocaine (Group L). Group C patients were given 2 µg/kg clonidine in 20 ml of normal saline as a slow infusion over 10 min prior to intubation. Group L patients were given 1.5 mg/kg of preservative-free 2% lignocaine in 20 ml of normal saline as a single-dose infusion over 3 min prior to intubation. Baseline vital and hemodynamic parameters were monitored during the perioperative period at 1-, 5-, and 10-min post-intubation. Results The attenuation of heart rate (HR) after intubation was much better with clonidine than lignocaine as there is statistically significant difference in the mean HR between the two groups at 1, 5, and 10 min after intubation with the HR significantly lesser in the Group C than the Group L at all times after intubation. Both clonidine and lignocaine were effective in attenuating systolic blood pressure response after intubation, but clonidine was more effective than lignocaine as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the Group C remained much lower than the Group L and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant at all times after intubation. Conclusion Premedicating with a single slow infusion of 2 µg/kg i.v. clonidine has been proven to be effective in maintaining perioperative hemodynamic stability at 1, 5, and 10 min post-intubation than lignocaine.
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Abstract Background: Acute postoperative pain is associated with poor quality of recovery after surgery. Perioperative use of intravenous lignocaine or dexmedetomidine have demonstrated better pain control, early return of bowel function, and effects on quality of recovery. Methods: Ninety-six women planned for elective robotic abdominal hysterectomy were randomized into four groups. Groups received lignocaine infusion (1.5 mg.kg−1 loading, 2 mg.kg−1.h−1 infusion) (Group I), dexmedetomidine infusion (1 µg.kg−1 loading, 0.6 µg.kg−1.h−1 infusion) (Group 2), lidocaine (1.5 mg.kg−1 loading, 2 mg.kg−1.h−1 infusion), and dexmedetomidine infusions (1 µg.kg−1 loading, 0.5 µg.kg−1.h−1 infusion) (Group 3), and normal saline 10 mL loading, 1 mL.kg−1.h−1 infusion) (Group 4). Primary outcome was visual analogue pain scores at 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes included postoperative fentanyl requirement, time of return of bowel sounds and flatus, QoR15 score on day 1, 2, and discharge. Results The VAS was significantly lower in Groups 2 and 3 compared to Groups 1 and 4. Total postoperative fentanyl consumption in the first 24 hours was 256.25 ± 16.36 mcg (Group 1), 177.71 ± 16.81 mcg (Group 2), 114.17 ± 16.19 mcg (Group 3), and 304.42 ± 31.26 mcg (Group 4), respectively. Time to return of bowel sounds and passage of flatus was significantly shorter in Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.01). QoR15 scores after surgery were higher in Group 3 compared to Groups 1, 2, and 4, (p < 0.01) respectively. Conclusion: Combined infusion of lignocaine and dexmedetomidine significantly decreased postoperative pain, fentanyl consumption, and improved quality of recovery score after surgery in patients undergoing Robotic abdominal hysterectomy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Dexmedetomidine/therapeutic use , Robotic Surgical Procedures , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Infusions, Intravenous , Fentanyl , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Flatulence , Hysterectomy , Lidocaine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Paracetamol is frequently used as an analgesic and antipyretic across the world. However, there is no data on Indian patients regarding the safety and efficacy of paracetamol + lignocaine injection in patients with high-grade fever. Hence, a prospective analysis was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of paracetamol and lignocaine injection in patients with high-grade fever and mild-to-moderate body pain. The study is a real-world prospective study. The results showed that following intervention with paracetamol and lignocaine injection, 98% patients showed resolution of fever and 58% patients showed improvement in pain symptoms. The authors suggest that clinicians should consider paracetamol and lignocaine injection in patients with high-grade fever and associated pain and discomfort.
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Objective: To compare the effects of dexamethasone and fentanyl when added to a mixture of bupivacaine and lignocaine in supraclavicular blocks in patients undergoing forearm surgeries. Methods: Sixty-six patients aged between 20 to 60 years old belonging to ASA one or two were recruited prospectively, double-blinded, and randomized way. Supraclavicular block under sonographic guidance was performed in the three groups by using injection bupivacaine (0.5%) 20 cc + injection lignocaine (2%) 10 cc + injection 0.9% normal saline; 2ml (Group S), injection bupivacaine (0.5%) 20 cc + injection lignocaine (2%) 10 cc + injection dexamethasone 8 mg (Group D), and injection bupivacaine (0.5%) 20 cc + injection lignocaine (2%) 10 cc + injection fentanyl 50 µgm (Group F). The onset time of sensory and motor block, duration of sensory and motor block, and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Results: Group D showed a significantly greater sensory and motor block duration than other groups (P = 0.001). Comparison of hemodynamic variables failed to reveal any statistically significant differences between all the groups. Conclusion: Both dexamethasone and fentanyl are good adjuvants in the supraclavicular block, but dexamethasone is better, given faster onset and duration of analgesia.
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Context: Control of pain during dental treatment is an essential aspect of pediatric dentistry. Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine buccal infiltration with 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) for primary mandibular molar extractions. Settings and Design: The study was a prospective, split-mouth, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Bilateral symmetrical carious primary mandibular molar (n = 92) extractions in 46 healthy children aged 5–10 years were included in this randomized controlled trial. Extraction was performed on one side using 4% of articaine buccal infiltration and on the contralateral side using 2% lignocaine IANB in two subsequent appointments. Pain and behavior were assessed at baseline, during injection and extraction using Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, Modified Behavior Pain Scale (MBPS), and Frankl Behavior Rating Scale. Statistical Analysis Used: Values thus obtained were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test and compared using independent samples test. Results: According to MBPS, the mean value of pain experienced in the form of cry during injection was reported to be more for 2% lignocaine IANB (1.76) as compared to 4% articaine buccal infiltration (1.30), which was statistically significant (P = 0.024). Comparison of behavior depicted showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Buccal infiltration with 4% articaine can be utilized as an effective alternative to 2% lignocaine IANB for primary mandibular molar extractions.
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Background:Inferior alveolar nerve block has been widely used to anaesthetise the mandibular teeth. The other alternatives include the Gow-Gates and the Vazirani-Akinosi technique. This study aims to compare these three techniques of anaesthesia for posterior mandibular dentoalveolar surgery.Material & Method:Thirty subjects were equally distributed into three groups receiving the specific injection technique assigned to the group. The injection technique was performed using 3.6ml of 2% lignocaine with 1: 200000 adrenaline and clinical parameters such as onset of anaesthesia, pain in the injection site, extent of soft tissue anaesthesia and success rate of each block was assessed. Visual Analogue Scale was used to assess the pain experienced by the patient during theextraction procedure.Results:It was noted that the time taken for the onset of anaesthesia was the same in all the three groups. Vazirani-Akinosi group patients experienced significantly more pain on injection and during extraction of the tooth. Greaterextent of soft tissue anaesthesia was seen with the Gow-Gates technique when compared to the other two techniques. Conclusion:Gow-Gates technique demonstrated better efficiency when compared to the inferior alveolar or the Vazirani-Akinosi technique.
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Not many studies have compared more than two drugs in attenuating pressor responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. This study compares four groups of considerable size. The present study compared intravenous esmolol, diltiazem, and lignocaine, for their efficacy to abate pressure response to laryngoscopy and intubation. METHODSThis is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical study conducted among 220 patients of ASA grade I/II (age 18–60 years), undergoing elective surgical procedure requiring general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation over a period of 15 months at a tertiary hospital setup. Study subjects were categorised as Groups D, E, L, and N that received diltiazem (0.2 mg/Kg IV), esmolol (2 mg/Kg IV), lignocaine (1.5 mg/Kg IV), and normal saline, respectively; each group had 55 patients. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline, after drug administration, immediately after intubation, and at 1-, 3-, and 5-minutes after intubation. Data entry and analysis were performed using MS Excel and SPSS-PC-17 version, respectively. One-way ANOVA and the chi-square test were used to evaluate the difference. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTSA maximum increase in haemodynamic parameters occurred immediately after intubation. The increase in heart rate and rate pressure product were significantly lower in Group E (+2.93% & +15.31%), whereas the increase in blood pressure was lower in Group D (8.51%). CONCLUSIONSHaemodynamic stability during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is an integral and essential goal of any anaesthetic management plan and was more effectively maintained with esmolol and diltiazem than with lignocaine.
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Background:Epidural anaesthesia is one of the most frequently used regional anesthetic techniques recommended for surgical procedures caudal to the umbilicus in dogs. However, the use of lignocaine alone for epidural regional analgesia has been discovered to have shorter duration of analgesia and prolong onset of action, hence there is need to explore combinations of agents that will overcome this challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the anaesthetic/analgesic effect of cranial epidural anaesthesia in dogs undergoing cystotomy using Lignocaine in combination with acepromazine at the dose rates of 7 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg respectively.Methods:Eight apparently healthy matured, male and female dogs were used for the experiment. The onset and duration of analgesia was determined. The pulse rates, respiratory rates, mean arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, complete blood count and the oxygen saturation level were determined at baseline, intra operative and post-operative.Results:There were no significant differences in all the parameters measured before and after the epidural administration of the agents. The onset of anaesthesia was rapid and the duration of anaesthesia was sufficient enough for the procedure to be carried out. However, there was significant difference in PCV, Hb and total RBC count between the baseline and other timing intervals. There were no significant differences in leucocytic and cardiopulmonary parameters between the baseline and other timing intervals.Conclusions:The epidural administration of lignocaine and acepromazine combination at the doses indicated can produced sufficientepidural anaesthesia with rapid onset for the purpose of cystotomy in dogs without major systemic influence on hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary changes
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Background:Endotracheal extubation is one of the frequently performed procedure in the practice of anaesthesia.This study was done to observe the haemodynamic responses during tracheal extubation and to compare the efficacy of IV diltiazem 0.2mg/kg versusIV lidocaine 1mg/kg in attenuating the hemodynamic response to tracheal extubation.Methods:90 patients aged 20 to 60 yrs, belonging to ASA I and II, normotensive were included in the study and they were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 30each. Group I received normal saline and served as control. Group II received0.2mg/kg of IV diltiazem 2 min before extubation. Group III received 1mg/kg of lidocaine IV 2 min before extubation. At the end of the surgery, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)were recorded served as base line values.Results:After tracheal extubation, all the haemodynamic parameters increase from the basal level in the control group and decreased in the study group. The change in HR, SBP and DBP were significantly less in group II and group III compared to group I. The change in HR, SBP and DBP were significantly less in group II compared to group III. Conclusions: Diltiazem hydrochloride, a calcium channel blocker belongs to the benzothiazepine group given in dose of 0.2mg/kg IV 2 min before tracheal extubation in ASA grade I andgrade II patients is a simple, effective and practical method of blunting cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation. This suppressive effect of diltiazem was comparable to or even more potent than that of lignocaine 1mg/kg IV 2 min before tracheal extubation
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Purpose: To compare intracameral Ropivacaine to Lignocaine during phacoemulsification under augmented topical anesthesia, in terms of efficacy and safety. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-masked clinical trial included subjects planned for phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation for visually significant uncomplicated senile cataract, under augmented topical anesthesia. Cases were randomized into two groups, Group A (Ropivacaine 0.1%) or Group B (Lignocaine 1.0%). The pain experienced by the patients during the surgery, mydriasis, post-op inflammation and endothelial cell change at six weeks after the procedure was evaluated. Surgeon's feedback was recorded to evaluate the cooperation of the patient during surgery. Results: A total of 210 subjects were screened and 184 were randomized to have 92 subjects in each group. There was no statistically significant difference seen on comparing Group A and B with respect to Age (P = 0.05), painful surgical steps (P = 0.85), visual analog scale scores (P = 0.65), surgeon's score (P = 0.11), postoperative inflammation (P = 0.90) and average ultrasound time during phacoemulsification (P = 0.10). Subjects in Group A fared better when compared to Group B with respect to endothelial cell loss (P = 0.0008), and augmentation in mydriasis (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Intracameral Ropivacaine and Lignocaine, both are equally effective in providing analgesia during phacoemulsification. However, intracameral Ropivacaine is superior to Lignocaine with regards to corneal endothelial cell safety, and augmenting mydriasis.
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The frequent occurrence of cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation has attracted the attention of anaesthesiologists for more than five decades. The reason for this is the occasional report of sudden death immediately after intubation and increasing awareness about the common occurrence of potentially dangerous responses such as tachycardia, hypertension and arrhythmiasWe wanted to study, measure and compare the haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and oral endotracheal intubation in healthy normotensive adults with prior administration of injection lignocaine and injection esmolol hydrochloride.METHODS75 patients belonging to ASA 1, ASA 2 status, in the age group of 18-60 years scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were selected for this prospective randomized controlled study conducted after obtaining institutional approval. They were randomly divided into 3 groups of 50 each. Group C (control group), Group Lignocaine and Esmolol Group. All the patients irrespective of group to which they belonged received tablet diazepam 0.15 mg/Kg the previous night followed by intramuscular Pethidine 1 mg/Kg 1 hour prior to the scheduled surgery.RESULTSIn esmolol group, there has significant attenuation of heart rate, SAP, DAP and mean arterial pressure following laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation compared to lignocaine group. Lignocaine group has significant attenuation of heart rate, SAP, DAP and mean arterial pressure following laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation compared to control group.CONCLUSIONSEsmolol hydrochloride given in the dose of 1.5 mg/Kg body weight 3 minutes prior to intubation provided consistent and reliable protection against increase in mean heart rate. SAP, DAP and MAP during laryngoscopy and intubation compared to lignocaine (1.5 mg/Kg).
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Background: Dexmedetomidine attenuates the hemodynamic stress response tolaryngoscopy and intubation more effectively compared with Lignocaine without any deleterious effects. To study the efficacy of Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg & Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg in attenuating the hemodynamic pressure response to laryngoscopy & intubation. Material and Methods: A total of 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II patients aged between 18 and 50 years undergoing elective surgery were enrolled in the study. Patients posted for elective surgery were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Group L = 50 Patients had given 1.5mg/kg Lignocaine; Group D = 50 Patients had given 1µg / kg Dexmedetomidin. Results: In Dexmedetomidine group, HR, SBP, DBP and MAP showed significant decrease throughout the study period, as compared to Lignocaine group. The statistical analysis shows that, in Dexmedetomidine group, HR, SBP, DBP and MAP showed significant decrease throughout the study period, as compared to Lignocaine group. Conclusion: Newer agents like Dexmedetomidine, a centrally acting alpha-2 agonist suppresses reflex sympathetic stimulation caused by laryngoscopy & intubation more effectively than Lignocaine. Thus, it is concluded that Dexmeditoedine is a better drug compared to Lignocaine in attenuating pressure response to laryngoscopy & intubation.
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Background: Supraclavicular approach for brachial plexus block offers an alternative anesthesia for upper extremity surgery.Addition of opioid agents in local anesthetic solutions for prolongation of analgesia through brachial plexus block has beenvery effective in controlling post-operative pain. The time to request for the 1st dose of rescue analgesia can be prolonged byadding buprenorphine or butorphanol in local anesthetic solutions.Methodology: After institutional ethical committee approval, 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists I/II patients wererandomized for this study. They belong to either gender, aged between 18 and 55 years of age. Patients who required brachialplexus block through supraclavicular approach were included and the study drugs were administered according to groupallocation into Group I and Group II. Sensory and motor block characteristics were monitored and recorded in all patients,complications as well. Hemodynamic monitoring was done every 5 min interval in the intraoperative period and every 15 minintervals in the post-operative period. Patients were administered rescue analgesia postoperatively when visual analog scale(VAS) scores were ≥4. Data were analyzed statistically.Results: Onset time to sensory block was 3.1 (1.1) min in Group I and 4.9 (1) min in Group II, and there was statistically significantdifference between groups (P < 0.0001). Onset time to motor block was 5.4 (1.3) min in Group I and 9.3 (1.5) min in Group II,and the difference between groups was found to be significant statistically (P < 0.0001). The time to 1st request of analgesiawas found to be statistically significantly between I and II groups (354.8 [55.6] vs. 448.3 [34.4] min, P < 0.0001), respectively.Conclusion: Both buprenorphine and butorphanol produced effective analgesia in combination with local anesthetics withoutsignificant side effects, but buprenorphine produced prolonged analgesia when compared to butorphanol.
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Background: Local anesthetic drugs, by disrupting nerveconduction lead to a temporary numb into the specific area ofthe body. The present study was conducted to compare twodifferent anesthetics and their effect on heart rate in children.Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on82 children age <18 years of both genders. Patients weredivided into 2 groups of 41 each. Group I received 2%lidocaine with adrenaline 1: 80000 and group II received 3%Mepivacaine. In both groups heart rate was recorded beforeand after injection and compared.Results: Out of 82 patients, males were 42 and females were40. Heart rate was 76.2 beats/ min before and 84.1 beats/ minafter injection. In group II, heart rate was 81.5 beats/ minbefore and 82.7 beats/ min after injection. The difference wassignificant (P< 0.05).Conclusion: There was more change in heart rate afterinjection of lignocaine with adrenaline, whereas mepivacainedid not alter heart rate.
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Drug errors are very common in medical field especially in anaesthesia where it’s the game of drugs. Here, we are presenting a case in which accidentally we injected lignocaine with adrenaline in place of heavy bupivacaine. Patient was of geriatric age group and posted for lower limb surgery under combined spinal epidural anaesthesia after placement of epidural catheter lumber puncture was done and 3ml of lignocaine with adrenaline was injected. After this patient develop complete sensory, motor blockade with hypotension. Level of block was up to T12 level patient was monitored for signs and symptoms of ransient neurologic syndrome (TNS) and anterior spinal artery syndrome for 24 hours. After 24 hours patient develop no complications and posted for surgery under general anaesthesia.so we have to be very careful about the labelling of drugs.
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In the present work, Independent method was developed for estimation of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate,Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid in bulk and dosage form by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. In this method the determination ofmaximum absorbance (λmax) of the drugs were found to be 259 nm, 285.8 nm, 263 nm and 304 nm. The validation parameters were studiedaccording to ICH guidelines. On the basis of % agreement criteria, therefore Average % agreement found to be 100.05 at 259 nm, 99.32 at285.8 nm, 100.001 at 304 nm and 99.70 at 263 nm. Specificity study shows the good agreement with results, indicating that excipients did notinterfere with the analyte. Repeatability study showed a % R.S.D of 0.2486 at 259 nm, 0.2605 at 285.8 nm, 0.403174 at 304 nm and 0.880817at 263 nm for Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid. Thus it is concluded that theanalytical technique has a good repeatability precision as R.S.D are less than 5.3% (Specified) and less than 2% (desired). So it can be said thatthe proposed method is precise. Intraday study were showed a % R.S.D of 1.246918, 0.984763, 0.775939 and 1.022045 respectively forChlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid. So it can be said that the proposed method isprecise. Interday study were showed a % R.S.D of 1.358486, 0.829325, 1.273356 and 0.968196 respectively for Chlorhexidine Gluconate,Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid. So it can be said that the proposed method is precise. Limit of detectionwere found to be 0.097, 0.117, 0.010 and 0.074 g/ml at 259, 285.8, 304and 263 nm. Limit of quantification were found to be 0.29, 0.35, 0.030and 0.418 g/ml at 259, 285.5 304, and 263nm. The accuracy of the methods was proved by performing recovery studies in availableformulations. Since the % recovery 98.07 to 101.28 at 259 nm, 98.29 to 101.02 at 285.8 nm, 99.99 to 101.25 at 304nm and 99.10 to 101.78 at263nm are within the desirable confidence interval of 98-102%. So it can be said that the proposed method is accurate. The percent meanrecovery is 98.46, 101.42 (1:3), 98.20 and 99.78% of labeled amount, which is within specified limits of 98-102%. It can be said that proposedmethod can satisfactory be applied for analysis of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and SalicylicAcid in dosage form. The developed method is precise, accurate and do not suffer from any interference due to common excipients. It isevident from this study that the developed method is simple, sensitive, specific, precise and accurate and economic. Hence it can be employedfor routine analysis in quality control laboratories.
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Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a minor complication after general anaesthesia. Many agents have been used as lubricant to reduce the incidence of POST with variable efficacy. Methods: We conducted a study to compare the incidence of POST with 0.05% betamethasone gel and 2% lignocaine jelly as a lubricant for LMA insertion in patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Sixty subjects were divided randomly into two groups. Patients in Group B (n = 30) had 2.5 ml of 0.05% of betamethasone gel while the Group L had 2.5 ml of 2% lignocaine jelly applied on the cuff of LMA. After standard induction and insertion of LMA cuff inflated to 60 cm of H2O and was maintained at the same throughout the surgery. Results: In PACU, patients were inquired about sore throat at immediate and 24 h post operative period. POST was not observed in any of the patients of Group B. In group L 13% of the patients had 1st degree and 3% had 2nd degree of sore-throat in immediate post-operative period. After 24 h 3%patients had 1st degree sore-throat and 1% patients had 2nd degree of sore-throat in Group L patients. Conclusion: We conclude that lubricating cuff of LMA with 0.05% of betamethasone gel is effective in reducing the incidence of POST.